National Origin or National Location

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Bridgeman, Trapani, and Attali (2009) [pdf]

  • E-Rater system that automatically grades a student’s essay
  • Inaccurately high scores were given to Chinese and Korean students
  • System showed poor correlation for GRE essay scores of Chinese students

Bridgeman, Trapani, and Attali (2012) [pdf]

  • A later version of E-Rater system for automatic grading of GSE essay
  • Chinese students were given higher scores than when graded by human essay raters
  • Speakers of Arabic and Hindi were given lower scores

Ogan and colleagues (2015) [pdf]

  • models predicting student learning gains from a mixture of their behaviors related to help-seeking
  • Models built using data from learners in the Philippines, Costa Rica, and the United States were each more accurate on students from their own countries than for students from other countries.

Li and colleagues (2021) [pdf]

  • Model predicting student achievement on the standardized examination PISA
  • Inaccuracy of the U.S.-trained model was greater for students from countries with lower scores of national development (e.g. Indonesia, Vietnam, Moldova)